Map

Indigenous people of eastern Greenland carved wood into 3D shapes mimicking coastlines, creating 'Ammassalik maps.' Since paper maps were impossible to read in the snow, these tactile maps let navigators feel the terrain by touch alone.

Marshall Islands navigators used palm stems woven to show ocean currents, with shells marking islands. They never consulted these charts at sea — they memorized them first, then lay face-down in canoes, reading the water's flow by feel.