Philosophy
The discipline that examines fundamental questions of existence, knowledge, value, and logic through concepts and argument, branching since Aristotle in ancient Greece into metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics.
'Metaphysics' originated in the 1st century BC as a label for works placed after Aristotle's Physics—meaning 'the things after the physics.' Because the Greek word 'meta' means both 'after' and 'beyond,' it was reinterpreted as 'the study that transcends nature.'
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The 'Sleeping Beauty problem' is a famous probability paradox. If a coin lands heads, she is woken once; if tails, twice with memory erased. The 'Halfer' camp says heads is 1/2, the 'Thirder' camp says 1/3, and both answers are logically valid.
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