Egypt
The Great Pyramid of Giza looked nothing like today: built around 2560 BC, it was sheathed in polished white limestone from Tura — mirror-smooth, reflecting desert sun for kilometres. Medieval Cairo builders stripped most casing stones away from the 14th century onward.
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Today's sweet watermelon is the result of millennia of breeding and genetics; wild varieties had pale, bitter flesh. Ancient Egypt knew watermelons well: pharaoh Tutankhamun's tomb held 11 baskets of seeds. The red color is lycopene, selected over thousands of years.
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Sealed honey essentially never spoils. Its water content is low (~17%) and bound to sugar, its pH of 3–4.5 is acidic, and bee enzymes add hydrogen peroxide. Microbes can't survive, so millennia-old honey is found unspoiled in Egyptian tombs.
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About 1,700 years before James Watt, the Egyptian mathematician Heron invented the first steam engine, the Aeolipile. A sphere filled with water, when heated, released steam through nozzles, spinning the ball — likely used to open temple doors.
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